footnote167
Authors report that significantly more program parents respond yes to the following item: Looking around his/her surroundings takes up much of a baby's day during the first month of life.
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2019
Effects shown in research
Positive parenting practices
Findings rated high
262
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 6.40 | Mean = 6.70 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Study reported = -0.28 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| HOME involvement with child subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 4.60 | Mean = 4.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME involvement with child subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 4.00 | Mean = 4.00 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 3.50 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 6.40 | Mean = 6.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.32 | Statistically significant, p < 0.001 |
| HOME appropriate play materials subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 6.60 | Mean = 6.50 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME appropriate play materials subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 6.70 | Mean = 6.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME language- and literacy-promoting behaviors | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 5.80 | Mean = 5.80 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 3.50 | Mean = 3.60 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME organization of the environment subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 5.70 | Mean = 5.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME organization of the environment subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 5.70 | Mean = 5.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME parental responsivity subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 10.00 | Mean = 10.00 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME parental responsivity subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 9.90 | Mean = 9.80 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME total scale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 36.60 | Mean = 37.20 | Mean difference = -0.60 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME total scale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 36.20 | Mean = 36.40 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| KIDI | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 367 mothers | Mean = 0.65 | Mean = 0.65 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| KIDI | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 350 mothers | Mean = 0.66 | Mean = 0.69 | Mean difference = -0.02 | Study reported = -0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC parenting efficacy subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 357 mothers | Mean = 27.20 | Mean = 27.00 | Mean difference = 0.02 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC parenting efficacy subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 341 mothers | Mean = 27.10 | Mean = 26.60 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Study reported = 0.15 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC parenting satisfaction subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 357 mothers | Mean = 24.60 | Mean = 25.20 | Mean difference = -0.06 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC parenting satisfaction subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 341 mothers | Mean = 25.40 | Mean = 26.40 | Mean difference = -1.00 | Study reported = -0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC total score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Northern California sample | 357 mothers | Mean = 51.80 | Mean = 52.20 | Mean difference = -0.40 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC total score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 341 mothers | Mean = 52.40 | Mean = 52.90 | Mean difference = -0.50 | Study reported = -0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Discipline (from HOME items) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 5.70 | Mean = 5.90 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.27 | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| Home mother-child interaction | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 year | Northern California sample | 335 mothers | Mean = 5.20 | Mean = 5.20 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Findings rated moderate
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AAPI average child maltreatment precursor scale (range = 6 to 24) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean = 19.10 | Mean = 19.10 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| AAPI average child maltreatment precursor scale (range = 6 to 24) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 267 mothers | Mean = 18.30 | Mean = 18.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 6.00 | Mean = 6.20 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 6.00 | Mean = 5.70 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Study reported = 0.22 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME appropriate play materials subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 7.90 | Mean = 7.40 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Study reported = 0.26 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME involvement with child subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 4.10 | Mean = 4.10 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME involvement with child subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 5.00 | Mean = 4.90 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 3.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 3.70 | Mean = 3.50 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME organization of the environment subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 5.30 | Mean = 5.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.03 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME appropriate play materials subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 6.80 | Mean = 6.70 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.06 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME organization of the environment subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 5.70 | Mean = 5.60 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME parental responsivity subcale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 9.40 | Mean = 9.30 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME subscale related to language- and literacy-promoting behaviors (range = 0 to 8) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 5.50 | Mean = 5.30 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME subscale related to language- and literacy-promoting behaviors (range = 0 to 8) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 266 mothers | Mean = 6.50 | Mean = 6.10 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Study reported = 0.31 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME subscale: parental responsivity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 8.50 | Mean = 8.50 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME total scale (range = 0 to 45) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 34.10 | Mean = 34.20 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.93 |
| HOME total scale (range = 0 to 45) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 37.70 | Mean = 36.40 | Mean difference = 1.30 | Study reported = 0.22 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| NCAST, total scale score | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 254 mothers | Mean = 52.60 | Mean = 52.90 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.41 |
| PSOC parenting efficacy subscale (range = 8 to 32) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean = 28.60 | Mean = 28.80 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC parenting efficacy subscale (range = 8 to 32) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 267 mothers | Mean = 28.70 | Mean = 28.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC satisfaction subscale (range = 9 to 36) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean = 25.90 | Mean = 26.80 | Mean difference = -0.90 | Study reported = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC satisfaction subscale (range = 9 to 36) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 267 mothers | Mean = 25.50 | Mean = 25.70 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC total scale (range = 17 to 68) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean = 54.40 | Mean = 55.60 | Mean difference = -1.20 | Study reported = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| PSOC total scale (range = 17 to 68) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 267 mothers | Mean = 54.20 | Mean = 54.40 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Language literacy numeracy promotion scale (range = 6 to 24) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 19.00 | Mean = 18.50 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Study reported = 0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Language literacy numeracy promotion scale (range = 6 to 24) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 266 mothers | Mean = 20.00 | Mean = 19.70 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Study reported = 0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent Observation Scale (range 1 to 4; 4 = more observant) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 340 mothers | Mean = 3.70 | Mean = 3.80 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.21 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent Observation Scale (range 1 to 4; 4 = more observant) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 267 mothers | Mean = 3.80 | Mean = 3.80 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent reads books with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 327 mothers | Mean = 3.00 | Mean = 3.00 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent reads books with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 261 mothers | Mean = 3.20 | Mean = 3.20 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.05 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent talks to/asks child questions during reading | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 327 mothers | Mean = 3.30 | Mean = 3.10 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent talks to/asks child questions during reading | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 261 mothers | Mean = 3.60 | Mean = 3.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = -0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent tell stories sings with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 3.50 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parent tell stories sings with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 266 mothers | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 3.20 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.19 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge all items (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean % = 78.80 | Mean % = 80.00 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Study reported = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge all items (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 268 mothers | Mean % = 77.70 | Mean % = 75.90 | Mean difference = 1.80 | Study reported = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge child care and safety (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean % = 84.00 | Mean % = 85.50 | Mean difference = -1.50 | Study reported = -0.09 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge child care and safety (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 268 mothers | Mean % = 74.30 | Mean % = 74.60 | Mean difference = -0.30 | Study reported = -0.01 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge discipline (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean % = 84.80 | Mean % = 85.20 | Mean difference = -0.40 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge discipline (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 268 mothers | Mean % = 75.40 | Mean % = 75.80 | Mean difference = -0.40 | Study reported = -0.02 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge emotional development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean % = 75.50 | Mean % = 77.90 | Mean difference = -2.40 | Study reported = -0.12 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge emotional development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 268 mothers | Mean % = 79.80 | Mean % = 75.10 | Mean difference = 4.70 | Study reported = 0.24 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge general child development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean % = 82.40 | Mean % = 80.30 | Mean difference = 2.10 | Study reported = 0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge general child development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 268 mothers | Mean % = 74.00 | Mean % = 71.90 | Mean difference = 2.10 | Study reported = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge language/cognitive development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 344 mothers | Mean % = 70.70 | Mean % = 73.90 | Mean difference = -3.20 | Study reported = -0.20 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| Parental knowledge language/cognitive development (percentage answered correctly) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 268 mothers | Mean % = 79.90 | Mean % = 78.70 | Mean difference = 1.20 | Study reported = 0.07 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| While doing everyday things parent counts things or uses numbers with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 3.10 | Mean = 3.20 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Study reported = -0.10 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| While doing everyday things parent counts things or uses numbers with child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2-year assessment | Three-site sample | 266 mothers | Mean = 3.40 | Mean = 3.40 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Study reported = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| While doing everyday things parent reads aloud to child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1-year assessment | Three-site sample | 343 mothers | Mean = 2.80 | Mean = 2.60 | Mean difference = 0.20 | Study reported = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
Parents as Teachers (PAT)®
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOME appropriate play materials subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 236 mothers | Mean = 7.60 | Mean = 7.20 | Mean difference = 0.40 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| HOME appropriate play materials subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 195 mothers | Mean = 7.60 | Mean = 8.00 | Mean difference = -0.40 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| HOME involvement with child subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 236 mothers | Mean = 5.00 | Mean = 4.70 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME involvement with child subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 195 mothers | Mean = 4.70 | Mean = 4.90 | Mean difference = -0.20 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 236 mothers | Mean = 3.50 | Mean = 3.40 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME opportunities for stimulation subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 195 mothers | Mean = 4.00 | Mean = 3.70 | Mean difference = 0.30 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME organization of the environment subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 236 mothers | Mean = 5.60 | Mean = 5.60 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME organization of the environment subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 195 mothers | Mean = 5.70 | Mean = 5.70 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 236 mothers | Mean = 6.10 | Mean = 6.00 | Mean difference = 0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME acceptance of child’s behavior subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 195 mothers | Mean = 6.30 | Mean = 6.30 | Mean difference = 0.00 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME parental responsivity subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 236 mothers | Mean = 9.90 | Mean = 9.40 | Mean difference = 0.50 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| HOME parental responsivity subscale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 195 mothers | Mean = 9.80 | Mean = 9.90 | Mean difference = -0.10 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
| HOME total scale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
1 year | Teen mothers sample | 236 mothers | Mean = 37.60 | Mean = 36.20 | Mean difference = 1.40 | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 |
| HOME total scale | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 year | Teen mothers sample | 195 mothers | Mean = 38.00 | Mean = 38.50 | Mean difference = -0.50 | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
PAT Parents as First Teachers (New Zealand)
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HOME Questionnaire, Overall | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 207 mothers | Not available | Not available | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Parental Concerns, Disruption of plans | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted % = 0.04 | Unadjusted % = 0.04 | Mean difference = 0.00 | HomVEE calculated = 0.00 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Parental Concerns, Disruption of relationship with partner | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted % = 0.10 | Unadjusted % = 0.15 | Mean difference = -0.05 | HomVEE calculated = -0.28 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Parental Concerns, Significant Concern | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted % = 0.18 | Unadjusted % = 0.14 | Mean difference = 0.04 | HomVEE calculated = 0.18 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Parental Concerns, Social Concern | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted % = 0.21 | Unadjusted % = 0.25 | Mean difference = -0.04 | HomVEE calculated = -0.14 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Parents as Teachers Questionnaire, Overall | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Not available | Not available | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Total number of activities | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 27.64 | Unadjusted mean = 27.27 | Mean difference = 0.37 | HomVEE calculated = 0.17 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote166Authors report that significantly more program children play fantasy games. |
| Total number of experiences | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 208 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 18.93 | Unadjusted mean = 18.79 | Mean difference = 0.14 | HomVEE calculated = 0.04 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Video Session, Parent-Child Interaction | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Dunedin sample | 155 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 26.78 | Unadjusted mean = 30.97 | Mean difference = -4.19 | HomVEE calculated = -0.21 | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | footnote168Authors report significant differences on several items: “Book chosen by,” “Motivation,” “Attention maintained,” “Attending to help,” and “Using information.” |
PAT Parents as First Teachers (New Zealand)
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive caregiver behaviors - imaginative play episode, responding to child | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years | Whangarei | 143 mothers | Unadjusted mean = 3.75 | Unadjusted mean = 4.29 | Mean difference = -0.54 | HomVEE calculated = -0.19 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.25 |
Baby FACE, an adaptation of PAT®
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency of home literacy activity |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years |
RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision |
67 families | Adjusted mean = 60.08 | Adjusted mean = 55.45 | MD = 4.63 | Study reported = 0.64 | Statistically significant, p = 0.01 |
Hours parent reads to child |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years |
RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision |
67 families | Adjusted mean = 64.00 | Adjusted mean = 33.73 | MD = 30.27 | Study reported = 0.49 | Statistically significant, p = 0.04 |
Protective Factors Survey - Nurturing and Attachment |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years |
RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision |
66 families | Adjusted mean = 27.06 | Adjusted mean = 26.87 | MD = 0.19 | Study reported = 0.08 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.55 |
Protective Factors Survey - Nurturing and Attachment |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years |
RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision |
68 families | Adjusted mean = 26.87 | Adjusted mean = 26.70 | MD = 0.17 | Study reported = 0.13 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.56 |
Protective Factors Survey - Parent's Child Development Knowledge |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
2 years |
RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision |
66 families | Adjusted mean = 30.43 | Adjusted mean = 29.57 | MD = 0.86 | Study reported = 0.16 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.21 |
Protective Factors Survey - Parent's Child Development Knowledge |
FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 years |
RCT: BabyFACE vs. comparision |
68 families | Adjusted mean = 31.11 | Adjusted mean = 30.03 | MD = 1.08 | Study reported = 0.27 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.13 |